Many believe that low cholesterol levels reliably protect against heart attacks. However, doctors warn: a heart attack can occur even in people with good test results and without obvious signs of atherosclerosis.
Cardiologist Anna Masterkova explained why a normal total cholesterol level does not always mean a low risk of cardiovascular diseases.
"One of the reasons for a heart attack with normal cholesterol levels is the incorrect interpretation of test results. It is necessary to evaluate the lipid profile as a whole, rather than relying solely on the total cholesterol indicator," notes Anna Masterkova.
According to the specialist, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and elevated triglyceride levels pose particular danger. These are involved in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which can eventually block blood flow in the arteries.
The process begins with damage to the inner wall of the blood vessels. In the damaged area, inflammatory cells and cholesterol particles accumulate, gradually forming a plaque. The danger lies in the fact that this process can remain asymptomatic for a long time.
How a Heart Attack Occurs
Even a relatively small plaque can cause a heart attack. Under the influence of severe stress, physical exertion, a spike in blood pressure, or an inflammatory process, its protective shell can rupture.
"The body perceives the rupture of the plaque as damage to the vessel and initiates the blood clotting mechanism. As a result, a thrombus quickly forms at that site, which can completely block blood flow," explains the cardiologist.
In addition, a heart attack can develop due to spasm of the coronary arteries or erosion of plaques, which is especially characteristic of smokers.
The Danger of Hidden Inflammation
Another risk factor that doctors point out is chronic inflammatory processes in the body. They damage the vascular wall and accelerate the development of cardiovascular diseases.
The risk of a heart attack is increased by rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel diseases, as well as severe infections, including influenza and COVID-19.
"Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases should pay special attention to the condition of their heart and blood vessels, as inflammation directly affects the development of atherosclerosis," emphasizes Masterkova.
An Unobvious Culprit — Vitamin B Deficiency
According to the specialist, a deficiency of B vitamins can lead to an increase in homocysteine levels — an amino acid that damages the inner lining of blood vessels.
This condition is more common in people who limit their intake of animal products and do not monitor their nutrient balance.
Other Risk Factors
The likelihood of a heart attack is also increased by:
- smoking, including electronic cigarettes;
- excess weight and visceral obesity;
- diabetes;
- arterial hypertension;
- chronic stress;
- lack of sleep;
- obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
A low total cholesterol level alone does not guarantee protection against a heart attack. Doctors recommend regularly checking the lipid profile, blood sugar levels, inflammation and coagulation indicators, as well as monitoring blood pressure and lifestyle.
"Annual examinations allow for the early detection of many risk factors and timely measures to prevent cardiovascular diseases," reminds Anna Masterkova.
