Cavity Vaccine: Science Fiction or the Future of Dentistry? 0 7

Scientists have long been trying to find an effective means to prevent cavities, and one of the most promising solutions has become the anti-cavity vaccine. This is logical, as the possibility of getting rid of cavities forever or, at least, significantly reducing the likelihood of their occurrence is a very attractive prospect for both dentists and patients. Dentist Vladimir Shipkov discusses how effective this solution is and how soon it will become widely available.

Mechanism of Action

The main cause of cavities is dental plaque. It arises as a result of the activity of conditionally pathogenic microflora in the oral cavity (the main culprits are: lactobacilli, actinomycetes, and Streptococcus mutans) against the backdrop of insufficient or irregular hygiene.

These microorganisms form a biofilm on the surface of teeth, releasing acids that dissolve the mineral components of enamel. The goal of the vaccine is to make the immune system fight these bacteria, protecting the teeth from destruction.

The first attempts to create a vaccine began as early as the mid-20th century but did not yield any significant successes. The first stable positive results appeared relatively recently. Vaccination is carried out in two main ways:

• Introduction of bacterial antigens: by immunizing the body with protein components of Streptococcus mutans, the immune system begins to produce antibodies that destroy the bacteria.

• Genetic modification of bacteria: using weakened strains of microorganisms that lose the ability to produce acid but retain the ability to stimulate an immune response.

Scientific Research and Trial Results

To date, several laboratories and pharmaceutical companies are actively researching the development of a cavity vaccine. One of the most promising studies belongs to a Chinese group of scientists who developed a genetically modified version of Streptococcus mutans.

During preclinical trials on animals, it was confirmed that the vaccine reduces the number of bacteria in saliva and prevents enamel destruction.

Another approach was proposed by Case Western Reserve University in the United States, where a vaccine containing antigens that stimulate antibody production was developed. Experiments on rats showed that the vaccine reduced the number of bacteria and halted the progression of cavities.

Current Issues and Prospects

Despite the encouraging results, the development of a cavity vaccine faces several challenges:

• Safety. The widespread use of any medication is only possible after irrefutable confirmation of its harmlessness.

• Cost. The development, testing, and mass production of the vaccine require significant investments with unclear prospects for profitability.

• Accessibility. The vaccine must be available to all segments of the population, especially in the poorest regions of the world.

Nevertheless, the prospect of freeing humanity from cavities deserves continued research. The WHO has stated that a 10% reduction in the prevalence of cavities could save billions of dollars in treatment on a global scale.

A cavity vaccine is a step towards a future where dental diseases become a rare exception rather than a widespread condition. Although the vaccine has not yet achieved widespread use, research efforts continue. It is quite possible that in the coming decades we will see the emergence of the first approved cavity vaccine that will change the rules of the game in dentistry. Today, the only proven means of effective cavity prevention is regular quality hygiene using a toothbrush, toothpaste, irrigator, and floss, as well as regular visits to the dentist at least once every six months. Stay healthy!