Contraception has come a long way: from natural methods to modern pills that help women plan pregnancies and control reproductive health.
Expert: Ilze Priede, Clinical Pharmacist
Contraception in Ancient Times
Before the advent of modern contraceptives, people used a variety of protective methods. Ancient civilizations utilized plants, fruits, seaweeds, sponges, and homemade condoms.
In the 16th century, for example, a fabric pouch was recommended to be worn on the penis as protection against syphilis, as described by the pharmacist.
The Emergence of Hormonal Contraception
The idea of creating pills to prevent pregnancy was developing simultaneously in different countries.
- In 1921, Austrian physiologist Ludwig Haberlandt conducted experiments on animals to induce temporary infertility and later studied the effect of progesterone on ovulation.
- In 1937, it was proven that progesterone suppresses ovulation in rabbits. Initially, it was obtained from the ovaries of animals, and later from the root of a plant growing in the jungles of Mexico.
- In 1951, chemist Carl Djerassi synthesized the first progestin — norethisterone, which marked the beginning of the development of hormonal contraceptives.
- In 1952, Frank Colton developed norethindrone — a first-generation progestogen.
The First Combined Pills
In the United States, the first combined oral contraceptives Enovid were approved in 1960, created by gynecologist John Rock and biologist Gregory Pincus. Initially, the drug was used to regulate the menstrual cycle but soon became used as a means of preventing pregnancy.
In 1938, chemist Hans Herloff Inhoffen and endocrinologist Walter Holvweg synthesized ethinylestradiol, which became the main estrogenic component of the pills.
Since the 1970s, low-dose combined oral contraceptives appeared, followed by new forms of hormonal contraception, including vaginal rings and transdermal patches.
Features of Use
The action of the pills is based on suppressing ovulation and altering the endometrium. Combined preparations contain estrogen and progestogen.
The choice of the appropriate method is made by a doctor, taking into account the woman's health, risk factors, and contraindications.
It is important to remember that hormonal contraceptives do not protect against HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Their effectiveness may decrease if a pill is missed, gastrointestinal disturbances occur, or interactions with other medications take place.
