By hand.
Italian physician Santorio Santorio was the first to use a mercury thermometer in 1626. Although his device differed significantly from modern models, the principle of its operation remained the same.
Prior to this time, doctors determined the presence of fever in patients solely by touch, as there were no measuring instruments: the first thermometer designed to measure air temperature was created by Galileo just 30 years before Santorio's invention of the thermometer.
Moreover, it was through Santorio's experiments that it became known that the body temperature of healthy individuals remains relatively constant and similar.
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